BICM 200
Introductory Biochemistry
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

Biochemistry is the study of life at the molecular level, the interface of chemistry and biology. Explore the complexity of the intracellular environment and its impact on the chemical reactions that sustain living systems. Discover how the structures of proteins and nucleic acids define their functions, and how molecular processes are interconnected to make organisms work efficiently. Learn about the principles of intermediary metabolism, focusing on the intricately coordinated pathways of carbohydrate metabolism. A strong foundation in Biochemistry will deepen your understanding of all other areas of Biology.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 107 and CHEM 261.

BICM 310
Intermediary Metabolism
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

Take a deep dive into the principles of intermediary metabolism, the intricate network of chemical reactions through which organisms obtain, store, and use energy essential for life. Discover how a small number of fundamental chemical reactions can drive a vast array of transformations, allowing organisms to break down nutrient molecules and synthesize cellular components. Explore the chemical logic of metabolic pathways, with an emphasis on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Examine how an understanding of metabolic pathways can provide insights into human health and disease.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BICM 200, CHEM 102, and CHEM 263.

BICM 340
Structure and Function of Biological Molecules
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Underlying the great diversity of living organisms is the unity of biochemistry - we are all made of the same biological molecules: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. In this course you will learn the structural principles of biological molecules and discover how molecular structure governs the wide range of functions essential to life. You will be introduced to the experimental methods used to study proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, and gain hands-on experience applying key techniques in the laboratory.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BICM 200 and CHEM 263.

BICM 450
Biochemistry of Viruses
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

Viruses are the ultimate parasites. Possessing only the minimal components that they need to reproduce, they use ingenious biochemical trickery to invade a host cell and commandeer its biological functions in order to complete their infectious cycle. While the best-known viruses are agents of disease, they have also enabled the discovery of many biological phenomena and leading to development of medical and technological applications. In this course we will explore the structure and function of viruses, delving into some of the latest advances in our understanding of virus biochemistry.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BICM 320, BICM 330, or BICM 340, plus a minimum grade of C- in one additional course from the following list: BICM 310, BICM 320, BICM 330, BIOL 300, BIOL 313, GENE 369, GENE 370.

BIOL 020
Biology 20
5 Credits          Weekly (6-0-0)

Biology 20 is equivalent to Alberta Education's Biology 20. The course deals with major concepts of systems, equilibrium, energy and matter. The major topics include cell dynamics, cellular pathways, the biosphere, evolution and natural selection, cellular matter and energy flow, matter and energy exchange in ecosystems, and matter and energy exchange by the human organism.

Prerequisites: SCIE 010 or equivalent.

BIOL 030
Biology 30
5 Credits          Weekly (6-0-0)

Biology 30 is equivalent to Alberta Education's Biology 30. The course concentrates on many aspects of the human body - its function and maintenance. The major topics include the nervous system, hormones and controls, reproduction and human development, cell division and classical genetics, heredity and molecular genetics, population dynamics and populations and communities.

Prerequisites: BIOL 020 or equivalent.

BIOL 101
Current Issues in Human Biology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

This course explores “hot topics” in biology. Topics may include genetics, biotechnology, human diseases, immunology, and vaccines. Students evaluate valid and non-valid sources of information and build the skills to apply this knowledge in everyday life. Note: This course cannot be taken for credit if credit has already been obtained in BIOL 207 or BIOL 208.

BIOL 102
Nutrition and the Body
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

Misinformation about diet is ubiquitous in popular culture. This course teaches the skills to evaluate valid and non-valid sources of nutritional information. The course explores food selection, metabolism, nutrients, and impacts of diet on health. Note: Students who have completed BIOL 207 or BIOL 208 will not be permitted to enrol in BIOL 102 without permission from the department.

BIOL 103
Humans and Their Environment
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

This course provides an overview of global and local environmental issues that have accompanied human population growth. The course will explore examples of where critical actions are required to resolve environmental issues. Case studies compare environmental issues across countries. Note: This course cannot be taken for credit if credit has already been obtained in BIOL 207 or BIOL 208.

BIOL 107
Introduction to Cell Biology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Enter the tiny and wonderful world of cells to gain a deeper understanding of how organisms work. Learn how in the smallest unit of life, the structure of each component is optimized to perform its unique function. Explore how cells obtain and use energy to power the processes of life. Examine how genetic information is safely stored, used, and copied by the cell. Delve into the scientific stories that led to the discovery of this knowledge and how it applies to the everyday lives of all organisms. Develop lab skills that will enable you to apply the scientific method to answer biological questions.

Prerequisites: Biology 30 and Chemistry 30.

BIOL 108
Introduction to Evolution
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

From the dawn of life, the planet and its organisms have been shaped by Darwinian evolution. Discover the processes of evolution and how biologists classify taxonomic groups of organisms, apply the scientific method, and observe the living world. Experience the many adaptations of organisms that have led to the amazing biological diversity of life on Earth.

Prerequisites: Biology 30.

BIOL 201
Eukaryotic Cellular Biology I
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

This course studies eukaryotic cellular processes including protein targeting and transport, secretion and endocytosis, and cellular signaling pathways. Emphasis is placed on understanding common experimental techniques used to study cellular processes. Students analyze aspects of cellular function through interpretation of data taken from primary literature.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 107 and in any 100-level CHEM.

BIOL 205
Principles of Molecular Biology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

This course develops an understanding of gene structure, expression, and regulation. Gene regulatory mechanisms conserved across prokaryotes and eukaryotes are explored, as well as mechanisms that differ between them. Fundamental principles of experimental design and common molecular biology research techniques are examined in both the lecture and lab. In addition, students develop research skills in the lab through the completion of a term project that requires a range of molecular biology techniques along with the collection and analysis of data.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 107.

BIOL 207
Principles of Genetics
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

This course introduces principles of inheritance and explores the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Explore key experiments, and the scientists behind them, that have led to our understanding of the replication, transmission, and intracellular movement of the genetic material. Investigate how traits are passed from one generation to the next and how genes influence physical characteristics. In the lab, you'll get hands-on experience studying genetics using different model organisms.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 107.

BIOL 208
Principles of Ecology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Examine interactions between organisms and their environment at the individual, population, community, and ecosystem levels. Discover how ecologists solve biological problems, apply the scientific method, and disseminate knowledge. In the laboratory, collect, analyze, interpret, and communicate ecological data.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 108 and STAT 151.

BIOL 211
Introduction to Microbiology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Explore the cell structure, physiology, and metabolism of Bacteria, Archaea, and viruses. Investigate how these microbes interact with their environment and with humans through examples of economically- and medically-important microbes. Communicate information about microbes to both scientific and non-scientific audiences. In the lab, develop competency in key techniques common to microbiological research and diagnostic labs.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 207 or BIOL 205, and in any 100-level CHEM course.

BIOL 212
Introduction to the Hidden Eukaryote Groups
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Enter the complex hidden world of protists and fungi and discover the contentious history of the current classification of these ambiguous groups. You will gain an appreciation for the ecological and economic importance of these hidden eukaryotic groups and the way current research is changing our understanding of them. You will answer questions crucial to our understanding of these organisms by applying the scientific method and evaluating collected data. In the laboratory component, you will develop skills in working with protists and fungi, including microscopy, culturing, and identification.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 108 and BIOL 107.

BIOL 245
Fundamentals of Plant Biology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Explore the fascinating world of plants, both on campus and in the field. Learn the basics of plant identification and taxonomy and discover why plant classification is so important for areas ranging from ecological monitoring and management to pharmaceutical sciences. Analyze how adaptations to the terrestrial environment drove the evolution of different plant groups and how this in turn impacts their role in the ecosystem today. We will discuss how current research is changing our understanding of plants. In the laboratory component, you will gain skills in plant ID, collection, and curation techniques used in standard herbarium preparation, and descriptive analysis of plant morphology. Further, you will apply the scientific method to answer simple questions in plant biology. Students cannot receive credit for both BIOL 245 and BOTN 205.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 108 and BIOL 107.

BIOL 300
Eukaryotic Cellular Biology II
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Students apply cell biology techniques to analyze eukaryotic cell function. A theoretical understanding of these techniques is used to discuss topics including cellular differentiation, the cytoskeleton, cell cycle regulation, tissue formation, and cancer mechanisms. Practical competency in techniques is developed in relevant laboratory projects. Students evaluate their own experimental results as well as data within primary literature and communicate their findings in both written and oral form.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 201 and BIOL 205.

BIOL 310
Freshwater Ecology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

This course explores a range of freshwater ecosystems including lakes, rivers, groundwater, and a spectrum of wetland types with emphasis on Alberta environments. An examination of the physical and chemical aspects of water and nutrients is conducted. Adaptations and ecological roles of microbes, fungi, plants, and higher organisms are discussed. Critical abiotic and biotic interactions are considered. Laboratory and field activities introduce common techniques for collecting, studying, and measuring organisms and ecological processes in freshwater systems.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 208.

BIOL 312
Terrestrial Ecology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Examine how living and non-living ecosystem components interact in complex integrated systems to determine terrestrial ecosystem structure and function. Analyze human impacts on terrestrial ecosystems and environmental problems. In the lab, explore local terrestrial ecosystems, apply lab and field techniques used to measure ecological properties and processes, and employ the scientific method to conduct ecosystem ecology research.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 208.

BIOL 313
Animal Developmental Biology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Explore how molecular and cellular mechanisms drive the embryonic development of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Topics include differential gene regulation, intercellular communication, and morphogenesis related to development. Laboratory activities allow students to observe embryos and manipulate animal developmental processes.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 201 and BIOL 205.

BIOL 314
Population Ecology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Examine the factors that shape population structure and dynamics and apply these principles to solve ecological problems. Explore how populations grow, fluctuate, and interact through processes such as competition and predation, and apply these concepts to topics such as species conservation and resource management. Apply quantitative and graphical models to analyze population patterns and predict outcomes. In the lab, gain hands-on experience with tools such as Excel, R, and InsightMaker to model populations, analyze data, and test ecological hypotheses.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 208 and in any one of MATH 114, MATH 120, or MATH 125.

BIOL 315
History of Biology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-1)

Travel through time and space to discover how ideas, knowledge and technological advances from around the world came together to form the foundations for modern biological science. Discuss the nature of paradigm changes and the scholarly environments and scientific approaches that made such fundamental shifts in perspective possible. Analyze the work of selected scholars who shaped our current state of knowledge and examine how their interpretation of data was influenced by the prevalent ideas and beliefs at the time. Explore how the morally questionable approaches of the past led to the development of the field of Bioethics. Students should expect to engage actively in this course through participation in classroom discussions, written work, and oral presentations.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in two 200-level or higher Biological Sciences courses (BICM, BIOL, BOTN, GENE, or ZOOL), of which one must be BIOL 207 or BIOL 208.

BIOL 316
Community Ecology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Students explore the patterns and processes determining the structure, function and dynamics of ecological communities. Topics include ecological interaction networks, species coexistence, community succession and stability, metacommunities, causes and consequences of biodiversity variation, and applications related to resource management, restoration, conservation, and community-level responses to global environmental change. The laboratory focuses on quantitative techniques commonly used to describe and model community dynamics in space and time.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 208 and in any one of MATH 114, MATH 120, or MATH 125.

BIOL 317
Biotechnology and Society
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-1)

Students examine a selection of topical biotechnology applications such as, but not limited to, gene edited and genetically engineered food, reproductive biotechnologies, and biobanking. This course emphasizes a scientific understanding of these biotechnologies, and explores social, legal, and ethical perspectives that influence their applications. Contemporary issues are examined within a historical context. A Canadian perspective is emphasized within the global context.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 207 and BIOL 208.

BIOL 321
Mechanisms of Evolution
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

Explore the major principles of biological evolution including micro- and macroevolutionary processes. Discuss phylogeny and systematics, population genetics, genetic variation, natural selection, adaptation, sexual selection, coevolution, speciation, and extinction. Apply evolutionary mechanisms to explain patterns of variation.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 108 and BIOL 207.

BIOL 323
Introduction to Population Genetics
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

Population genetics explores patterns of genetic variation within and between populations, and the evolutionary forces behind this variation. Examine the history of the field of population genetics and apply basic algebra to determine how populations evolve. Utilize population genetics concepts to explore topics such as conservation biology and ancient DNA. Then compare how the mechanisms of evolution, including natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift apply to populations, and discuss ethical issues related to the interpretation of such data. Develop bioinformatic skills for the analyses of genetic data.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 207 and BIOL 208.

BIOL 337
Biostatistics and Research Design
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Develop your ability to independently design and complete a research project guided by statistical paradigms or criteria. Move beyond simple equations and gain a deeper understanding of how a complex analysis of categorical and numeric data allows you to uncover the stories that are hidden within the data. Evaluate different sampling designs and examine the benefits and limitations of various data types for testing biological hypotheses. Throughout the course, you will apply what you learn in critical assessments of current research and discuss the strengths and limitations of results in published studies. Become more media savvy as you critique the reporting of research results in social media and expose the distortion of data and statistics.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in STAT 151 and in any 200-level BICM, BIOL, BOTN, or ZOOL.

BIOL 341
Microbial Community Ecology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Explore the invisible relationships at the foundation of our ecosystems. This course will investigate environmental influences and the complex community-level interactions between microbes. Gain experience in microbial community techniques, experiments, and advanced data analysis that is advancing the field.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 208 and in one of BIOL 211 or BIOL 212.

BIOL 342
Animal adaptations: advanced physiology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Discover how animals can survive some of the most extreme environments on the planet. This course will extend your understanding of animal environmental adaptations through physiological systems, genetics, epigenetics and variation in populations. Learn about microbiomes and their role in animal physiology and behaviour. Use your knowledge of animal physiology to explore how animal responses are measured, evaluated, and communicated.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in ZOOL 241, BIOL 207, and one of ZOOL 224 or ZOOL 250.

BIOL 345
Plant Environmental Physiology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Explore how plants can sense and respond to their environment, using the same five senses as animals do combined with physiological mechanisms that are unique to plants. This course challenges your understanding of what a plant is and how it functions in the ecosystem. You will gain experience working with some of the techniques that enable scientists to uncover the secrets of plant sensory physiology. You will study the role of hormones in making these coordinated whole-plant responses possible and discuss how hormonal control of water use drives the primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Plant physiology helps us understand how plants adapt to climatic conditions and are impacted by climate change. Potential applications range from agriculture to conservation.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 207 and one of BOTN 205, BIOL 245 or BIOL 208.

BIOL 361
Marine Biology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Over 70% of our planet is covered by oceans, which contain an amazing diversity of life. We now recognize that our oceans are no longer a vast, inexhaustible resource and play a vital role in the biosphere's health. This course explores the organisms and their adaptations to habitats from the deep sea to open ocean to intertidal habitats. Students will design research proposals to address knowledge gaps and debate human impacts on the oceans. This course may include an optional field trip to a coastal area.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 208.

BIOL 365
Tropical Rainforest Ecology
3 Credits          Total (20-70-0)

This course provides an introduction to the biodiversity and ecology of organisms found in the world's most biologically rich ecosystem, the tropical rainforest. The physical and biotic forces that contribute to this incredible diversity are investigated, and the most serious threats to the conservation of the tropical rainforest ecosystem are explored. The course includes a field trip to the Tiputini Biodiversity Station in the lowland rainforest of eastern Ecuador, a visit to a high-elevation cloud forest in the Andes, and travel to other biological and cultural sites in Ecuador.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 208 and consent of the department.

BIOL 367
Conservation Biology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

Explore conservation biology and its role in combating biodiversity loss and species extinction. Investigate the value of biodiversity and the reasons we should be concerned about the current biodiversity crisis. Examine the role of conservation biologists in protecting species, populations, and ecosystems and the challenges they encounter. Experience the collaborative nature of conservation and develop professional skills by working with your classmates to assess species’ decline and to develop conservation strategies to protect them.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 208.

BIOL 371
Animal Behaviour
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

This course provides students with an evolutionary and ecological approach to the general question of "how and why animals behave as they do." The primary focus is on the structural and functional processes that shape a variety of behaviours. Students will differentiate between proximate and ultimate explanations of behaviour and create testable hypotheses for each.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 208 or in PSYC 358 and with consent of the department.

BIOL 399
Honours Proposal
3 Credits          Total (0-0-60)

In collaboration with a faculty mentor, the student develops a proposal for their Honours research project. In seminar, students evaluate primary literature through discussion of experimental design across a range of biological disciplines. Note: This course is restricted to students enrolled in the Biological Sciences Honours program. Consent of the department is required to enrol.

BIOL 410
Techniques in Field Ecology
3 Credits          Weekly (0-6-0)

This course provides students with experience in designing an ecological research project and collecting biological information in a field setting. Students gain skills in a range of field techniques and research design methods commonly used to study various biota in terrestrial, freshwater, and/or wetland ecosystems. Students collect, analyze, and communicate field data using various methods, critically evaluate the field techniques, and design and carry out an independent research project culminating in a final scientific paper. Note: This course may be taken up to two times, provided the course topic is different. This course is not guaranteed to be offered every year.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in any two of BIOL 310, BIOL 312, BIOL 314, BIOL 316, BIOL 337, BIOL 365, BIOL 371, BOTN 405, or BIOL 422, and consent of the department.

BIOL 413
Current Topics in Animal Developmental Biology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

Explore mechanisms responsible for embryo growth and development. Analyse primary literature related to animal development and improve your scientific communication skills. Topics covered in this course may include stem cells, aging, tissue regeneration, evolutionary developmental biology, and the effects of environmental and teratogenic factors on embryo development.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 313.

BIOL 414
Invasion Ecology and Management
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

Biological invasions are increasing in frequency worldwide and are a leading cause of biodiversity loss, with significant consequences for ecosystems, economies, and human health. In this course, you will apply your ecological knowledge to explore the causes, consequences, prevention, and management of biological invasions in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. You will evaluate research approaches in invasion ecology through critical analyses of the primary literature. This will enable you to assess current (or future) biological invasions and their management in Alberta and Canada.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in any two of BIOL 310, BIOL 312, BIOL 314, BIOL 316, BIOL 323, BIOL 365, BIOL 367, BIOL 371, or BOTN 405.

BIOL 421
Techniques in Molecular and Cellular Biology
3 Credits          Weekly (0-6-0)

In this guided laboratory research project, students engage in authentic scientific inquiry. Theoretical knowledge of molecular and cellular biology techniques is applied to develop and test hypotheses in a collaborative research environment. An emphasis on scientific writing allows students to communicate their analyses of experimental results. Note: Course projects vary and are announced prior to registration. The course may be taken up to two times, provided the course project is different.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of B- in BIOL 205, and in any two of BICM 310, BICM 340, BIOL 300, BIOL 313, GENE 369, or GENE 370, one of which must have a lab, or consent of the department.

BIOL 422
Methods in Experimental Ecology
3 Credits          Weekly (0-6-0)

Engage in independent scientific research through guided field- and/or lab- based projects. Deepen your understanding of ecological theory through the application of ecological research methods. Emphasis is placed on the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of empirical data. Note: Course projects vary and are announced prior to registration. This course may be taken up to two times, provided the course projects are different.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of B- in BIOL 208 and BIOL 337, and at least one of BIOL 310, BIOL 312, BIOL 314, BIOL 316, BIOL 365, BIOL 367, BIOL 371, BIOL 445, BOTN 405, or ZOOL 325.

BIOL 430
Pathobiology: The Cellular Basis of Disease
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

This course investigates pathological changes to cells and tissues as they manifest in human disease. Selected disease therapies are explored. Students review, analyze, critique, and discuss topics from the primary literature related to the cellular mechanisms that drive disease pathogenesis. Oral presentation, peer review, and group work skills are emphasized. The specific cellular processes examined change based on student interest and recent topics of importance within the field. Note: BICM 320 recommended.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 300.

BIOL 445
Plant Symbiotic Interactions
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Discover how plants interact with other organisms in complex ways that allow them to optimize growth as well as to defend themselves against attack from pathogens and herbivores. You will explore the different parasitic and mutualistic relationships that plants form with members of all other biological groups from viroids to mammals. We will examine the physiological mechanisms that allow plants to communicate with other organisms and exert some control over these interactions. You will apply your understanding of plant symbiosis to a variety of current issues in (e.g. plant disease management, pest control, pharmaceutical sciences, bioremediation, and reclamation). In the laboratory, you will answer research questions using experimental techniques commonly employed in studies of plant growth responses and interactions. Students cannot receive credit for both BIOL 445 and BOTN 405.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 345, and in one of BIOL 312, BIOL 314, BIOL 316, BIOL 321, BIOL 337 or BIOL 341.

BIOL 467
Advanced Wildlife Management and Conservation Biology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-0)

Conservation biology encompasses many complex societal issues, which makes it challenging to respond to the biodiversity crisis. You will explore how settler colonialism, legislation, ethics, and other cultural values influence the practice of conservation and wildlife management in the real world. You will develop professional skills by working collaboratively to generate solutions to conservation issues while taking into account these other factors.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 367.

BIOL 477
Contemporary Issues in Freshwater Ecology
3 Credits          Weekly (0-0-3)

This seminar course engages students on contemporary issues surrounding freshwater ecology as related to research, policy and practice, environmental issues, and the effects of these on society. Students will explore critical ecological concepts through reviews of the relevant scientific literature, examination of case studies, in-depth discussions with peers and experts, development of presentations on specific topics, and writing associated review/synthesis papers. Guest speakers and media will round out the curriculum.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 337 and two of BIOL 310, BIOL 312, BIOL 314, or BIOL 316.

BIOL 495
Special Topics
3 Credits          Weekly (0-0-3)

In this course, you will read, discuss, and critically evaluate current research on specialized topics of interest to senior students in Biological Sciences. Topics covered vary with the interests of students and faculty. Students should consult with faculty members in the Department of Biological Sciences for details regarding current offerings. Note: This course is intended for students in the final year of their degree. This course may be taken up to two times, provided the topics are sufficiently different.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of B- in 300-level course(s) from the Department of Biological Sciences that are relevant to the special topic.

BIOL 497
Biology Work Placement
3 Credits          Total (0-0-135)

BIOL 497 immerses you in hands-on experience within a biology-related work environment. Through a structured work placement, you apply biological knowledge and develop professional skills and ethical practices essential to the field of biology by actively participating in work-integrated learning. The work placement component involves a minimum of 90 hours but can involve more depending on the placement. Enrolment is competitive, subject to availability of work placements, and requires students to complete the application process, which may include an interview. Final enrolment requires Departmental approval.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of B- in at least one 300-level Biological Sciences course and with consent of the Department.

BIOL 498
Advanced Independent Study
3 Credits          Total (0-0-72)

In this course, students plan, conduct, and communicate the results of an independent research project in Biological Sciences under the direction of a faculty supervisor. Registration is contingent on the student having made prior arrangements with a faculty member willing to supervise the research. Note: This course is intended for students in the final year of their degree. This course may be taken up to two times for credit.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of B- in at least one 300-level Biological Sciences course; faculty mentors may require specific prerequisites according to the project needs.

BIOL 499A
Honours Thesis I
3 Credits          Total (0-0-72)

In this course, students develop research skills by conducting an independent research project in collaboration with a faculty mentor. This work will culminate in an Honours Thesis and public presentation. Students complete BIOL 499A and 499B in consecutive terms.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of B- in BIOL 399.

BIOL 499B
Honours Thesis II
3 Credits          Total (0-0-72)

In this course students develop research skills by conducting an independent research project in collaboration with a faculty mentor. This work will culminate in an Honours Thesis and public presentation. Students complete BIOL 499A and 499B in consecutive terms.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of B- in BIOL 399.

GENE 369
Genetic Analysis of Bacteria
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-1)

This course explores the role of bacteria and bacteriophages in the development of molecular genetics. Major topics include mechanisms of genetic exchange and genome plasticity in bacteria, and the replication processes of bacteriophages. Students propose experimental strategies to solve problems related to these topic areas and analyze data. Seminars develop the ability to critically analyze scientific literature through discussion of current and historical research papers.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 205 and BIOL 207.

GENE 370
Genetic Analysis of Eukaryotes
3 Credits          Weekly (3-1-0)

Explore the strategies geneticists utilize in the dissection of biological processes in eukaryotic model systems. Evaluate and contextualize the diverse approaches available to geneticists in their quest to establish connections between genotype and phenotype. In the laboratory develop key molecular biology skills in the context of a research-based project.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in BIOL 205 and BIOL 207.

GENE 400
Genome Organization
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Recent advances in high-throughput technologies, collectively known as omic methods, have allowed detailed examination of the organization and expression of genetic material. Explore how whole genomes are sequenced, thousands of transcripts are assessed simultaneously, and the total complement of proteins and metabolites are quantified. Read and discuss current literature in the field applying omic methods to questions in medicine, conservation, and evolution. Develop laboratory skills to apply these techniques.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in GENE 369 and GENE 370.

GENE 404
Investigations into Gene Regulation
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-1)

Students investigate mechanisms of gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, post-translational and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms are explored. Through the evaluation of primary research papers, students develop their ability to communicate about experimental design in molecular biology.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in GENE 369 and GENE 370.

GENE 418
Human Genetics
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-1)

Discover the complexities associated with establishing the genotype-phenotype correlation in humans. Explore methods available for identifying genes underlying human disease and how this knowledge leads to advances in the diagnosis and treatment of genetic conditions. In the seminar, work collaboratively to appraise and dissect common human genetic approaches presented in the primary literature.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in GENE 370.

ZOOL 224
Vertebrate Adaptations and Evolution
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the diversity of vertebrates using an evolutionary approach. Morphological, physiological, and behavioural adaptations related to the life of vertebrates in aquatic and terrestrial habitats are emphasized. Students employ the principles of systematics and taxonomy in the classification of vertebrates.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 108.

ZOOL 241
Animal Physiology I: Homeostasis
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-1)

Explore the physiological systems that control animals' internal environment. Describe mechanisms that regulate blood circulation, water and ions, respiratory gases, and temperature in relation to the external environment. Compare and contrast the physiological systems of invertebrates and vertebrates. Utilize your understanding of physiology to answer biological inquiries.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 107.

ZOOL 242
Animal Physiology II: Intercellular Communication
3 Credits          Weekly (3-0-1)

Explore the regulation of animal physiology through cell-to-cell communication. Examine how hormones regulate body functions, and investigate how animal immune systems are coordinated to fight off pathogens and protect from cancer. Compare and contrast nervous system adaptations across different animals that improve electrical signaling. Apply your knowledge of physiology and signal transduction through assignments and class discussion.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 107.

ZOOL 250
Invertebrate Zoology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

This course explores the evolution and ecological roles of invertebrate animals. The diversity of ecological niches, behaviours, and life histories of invertebrates are related to functional anatomy. In the laboratory, students explore the diversity and functional anatomy of invertebrates using live and preserved specimens. The course includes an optional field trip to a coastal area.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in BIOL 108.

ZOOL 324
Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

This course provides a comparative survey of the anatomy of vertebrates emphasizing evolutionary trends and anatomical adaptations for life in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Special emphasis is placed on fish and mammals. The laboratory develops advanced dissection skills.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in ZOOL 224.

ZOOL 325
Entomology
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Insects are the most successful animals on Earth. This course examines their evolutionary history and adaptations that have led to their success. Insect behaviour is examined as it relates to morphology, lifecycle, and ecology to explain how insects can be dominant in diverse ecological situations. The economic, medical, scientific and cultural impact of insects is surveyed. The laboratory emphasizes methods of collecting, preserving, and identifying insect groups.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in ZOOL 250.

ZOOL 400
Aquatic Vertebrates
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

This course examines the evolution and natural history of fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals in aquatic environments. Topics include behavioural, morphological, and physiological adaptations. Students summarize, interpret, and present scientific literature. The laboratory focuses on biodiversity, fecundity, locomotion, and molecular systematics with emphasis on native species of Alberta.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in ZOOL 224 and one of BIOL 310, BIOL 361, BIOL 367, or ZOOL 324.

ZOOL 401
Terrestrial Vertebrates
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Explore the evolution and natural history of amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals in terrestrial environments. Contrast behavioural, morphological, and physiological adaptations of tetrapod groups connecting form and function in lecture and lab. In the lab, develop proficiency in identifying native species of Alberta and evaluate their distributions in relation to their adaptations. Students will learn how to use technology that is relevant to the field of wildlife biology.

Prerequisites: Minimum grades of C- in ZOOL 224 and one of BIOL 312, BIOL 367, or ZOOL 324.

ZOOL 452
Principles of Parasitism
3 Credits          Weekly (3-3-0)

Using an ecological approach, this course examines the relationships between parasites and their animal hosts. The structural and physiological adaptations used by parasites to successfully complete their life cycles are discussed, as well as host defensive strategies. Examples of human parasitic infections are explored. The laboratory emphasizes parasite morphology, life cycles, behaviour, systematics, and evolution.

Prerequisites: A minimum grade of C- in ZOOL 250.